Part of Speech

Adjective, Verb (Past Participle)

Pronunciation

/ˈbroʊ.kən/

Definitions

• Adjective: Damaged or impaired, no longer functioning or intact.
• Adjective: Having been torn or disrupted.
• Verb (Past Participle): Past participle of the verb "break," meaning that something has been fractured or destroyed.
• Adjective: Emotionally distressed, feeling defeated or unsuccessful.

Usage Examples

• The vase was broken when it fell off the shelf.
• He felt broken after the failure of his business.
• The broken chair couldn't be repaired.
• Her broken dreams left her feeling lost.

Etymology

From Middle English "broken," the past participle of "breken" (to break). The word has roots in Old English "brocen" (broken) and can be traced back to Proto-Germanic *brekan. It is linked to the idea of something fractured or disrupted from its original form or function.

Synonyms

• Damaged
• Fractured
• Ruined
• Shattered
• Wrecked
• Cracked
• Destroyed

Antonyms

• Intact
• Whole
• Unbroken
• Complete
• Unscathed

Translations

Regional Pronunciation Variations

The pronunciation of "broken" may vary by region. In some areas, particularly in American English, it may be pronounced as /ˈbroʊ.kən/ with a clear "o" sound, while in some British accents, the "o" sound may be less emphasized. In certain Southern English dialects, it may be pronounced with a more relaxed, softer "r" sound, and in some regions, the vowel sound in "bro" may shift.

Historical Usage

Historically, the term "broken" has been used in literature to describe physical fractures and damage. In ancient texts, "broken" was often used metaphorically to describe the brokenness of spirits or relationships. The expression "broken heart" has deep roots in literature, symbolizing emotional suffering. The use of the word extended from physical to metaphorical meanings over time, reflecting the human experience of damage or fragmentation.

Cultural Nuances

The term "broken" often carries emotional weight, especially in expressions like "broken heart" or "broken dreams," which signify deep emotional turmoil or loss. In some cultures, the concept of brokenness may also be linked to concepts of resilience, as the idea of repairing or overcoming a "broken" situation can signify growth or transformation. Additionally, in some religious contexts, "brokenness" is viewed as a step toward spiritual healing or renewal.

More Information

The word "broken" can refer to many forms of damage, both physical and emotional. It often denotes a state of imperfection or a condition that is no longer whole. While the word is primarily used in reference to physical items or systems, it has also taken on significant metaphorical meanings, such as broken relationships or personal challenges. In many cases, "broken" is a precursor to the possibility of repair, renewal, or change. The word has evolved over time to capture both literal and figurative fractures in human life, extending its relevance far beyond the original context of damage to physical objects.