Part of Speech

Adjective, Noun

Pronunciation

/ˈbʊərʒwɑː/ or /bɔːʒwɑː/

Definitions

• Adjective: Relating to or characteristic of the bourgeoisie, the middle class in capitalist society, typically with a focus on materialism, respectability, and conventional values.
• Noun: A member of the bourgeoisie, typically a member of the middle class, especially one that is perceived as being concerned with material success, social status, and conventional values.

Usage Examples

• The bourgeois lifestyle is often associated with comfort, security, and a focus on social status.
• He was criticized for his bourgeois values, which many considered too focused on wealth and appearances.
• Many artists have rejected the constraints of bourgeois society in favor of a more liberated lifestyle.

Etymology

The word "bourgeois" comes from Old French "burgeis," which means "town dweller," derived from "bourg," meaning "town." It referred to the middle class in medieval French society, and later came to describe the capitalist class that owned the means of production in a capitalist society. It gained its modern sense of being associated with materialistic and conservative values during the 19th century.

Synonyms

• Middle-class
• Conventional
• Respectable
• Capitalist
• Materialistic

Antonyms

• Proletarian
• Working-class
• Radical
• Revolutionary
• Bohemian

Translations

Regional Pronunciation Variations

The pronunciation of "bourgeois" can vary across regions, especially between French and English. In France, the "r" is typically pronounced more clearly as a guttural sound, while in English, it is often softened or silent. In some English dialects, especially in the UK, the "s" at the end may be pronounced as a "z," sounding like "boor-zhwah." In other regions, the final sound may be pronounced as "boor-zhwuh."

Historical Usage

The term "bourgeois" first appeared in medieval French to refer to townspeople who were not aristocrats but also not peasants. Over time, the term evolved to refer to a social class that owned property and controlled economic resources in a capitalist society. The term became particularly significant in Marxist theory, where it was used to describe the capitalist class that owned the means of production, in contrast to the proletariat, or working class.

Cultural Nuances

In modern usage, "bourgeois" can carry a pejorative connotation, often referring to people perceived as overly concerned with material success, respectability, and conventionality. In literature and political discourse, the term has been used to critique the values of capitalism and the middle class. However, in some contexts, it can simply refer to a person belonging to the middle class without any judgment attached.

More Information

The concept of "bourgeois" society plays a significant role in the study of social class and political theory. From the works of Karl Marx and Max Weber to the analysis of contemporary capitalist society, the term remains central to discussions of class structure, materialism, and economic power. In art and culture, the "bourgeois" lifestyle is often depicted as conformist, self-interested, and disconnected from the struggles of the working class.