Part of Speech

Noun

Pronunciation

/ænˈtæɡəˌnɪzəm/

Definitions

• Active hostility or opposition, often characterized by antagonistic feelings or actions.
• A state of conflict or antagonistic interaction between two or more people, groups, or entities.
• In biology, the interaction between two substances or organisms that have opposite effects or are in opposition.

Usage Examples

• "The antagonism between the two rival political parties led to heated debates."
• "Her antagonism towards her colleague was evident in every interaction."
• "The study of chemical antagonism helps scientists understand how different substances interact with each other."

Etymology

The word "antagonism" derives from the Greek word "antagonizesthai," meaning to contend or struggle against, from "anti-" meaning against and "agonizesthai" meaning to contend. It entered the English language in the early 17th century, initially used in a context of physical opposition or competition, before being extended to emotional or ideological conflict.

Synonyms

• Hostility
• Opposition
• Enmity
• Conflict
• Rivalry
• Antagonistic behavior
• Disagreement

Antonyms

• Friendship
• Alliance
• Harmony
• Cooperation
• Reconciliation
• Amity

Translations

Indian Language Translations

Regional Pronunciation Variations

• In American English: /ænˈtæɡəˌnɪzəm/
• In British English: /ænˈtæɡəˌnɪzəm/
• In Australian English: /ænˈtæɡəˌnɪzəm/

Historical Usage

The term "antagonism" originates from the Greek word "antagonizesthai," which means "to contend" or "to struggle against." The word entered the English language in the early 17th century, initially used to describe physical struggle or competition. Over time, it expanded to describe emotional or ideological conflicts, becoming widely used in social, political, and philosophical contexts. In the 19th century, "antagonism" was increasingly applied in the fields of biology and medicine to describe opposing forces or reactions.

Cultural Nuances

Antagonism is often perceived differently across cultures. In some cultures, it may be seen as a sign of strength or resolve, especially in competitive or combative environments. In others, it can be viewed negatively, as fostering conflict and disrupting harmony. The perception of antagonism also varies based on social roles—what may be considered antagonistic in a formal setting may be seen as acceptable in more informal or competitive situations. In modern society, antagonism is frequently associated with contentious debates, social struggles, or political divisions.

More Information

Antagonism is a central concept in both literary and philosophical traditions. In literature, the "antagonist" represents the opposing force to the protagonist, driving the conflict in the narrative. Philosophically, antagonism can refer to the inherent oppositions within society or between ideologies, often analyzed in the context of dialectical reasoning. In modern psychology, antagonism is associated with personality traits characterized by hostility, assertiveness, and lack of empathy. Understanding antagonism in various contexts can help in addressing conflicts, whether personal, social, or political, and in promoting cooperation and understanding between opposing groups.