Confounded

Part of Speech

Adjective, Verb (Past Tense of Confound)

Pronunciation

/kənˈfaʊn.dɪd/ (American, British), /ˈkɒn.faʊn.dɪd/ (alternative)

Definitions

• As an adjective: Used to express annoyance or frustration.
• As a verb (past tense of confound): To have confused or perplexed.

Usage Examples

• The confounded lock wouldn’t open no matter how hard he tried.
• She was confounded by the unexpected turn of events.
• The scientist’s theory was confounded by new evidence.

Etymology

Derived from Latin confundere ("to mix together, confuse"), from con- ("together") + fundere ("to pour"). The adjective use developed as an intensifier in expressions of frustration.

Synonyms

• Perplexed
• Bewildered
• Frustrated
• Flustered

Antonyms

• Clear
• Understanding
• Logical
• Unambiguous

Translations

Regional Pronunciation Variations

• British English: /kənˈfaʊn.dɪd/
• American English: /kənˈfaʊn.dɪd/
• Australian English: /kənˈfaʊn.dɪd/

Historical Usage

Historically, "confounded" was used in literature and speech as a polite alternative to stronger curses. Over time, it became more common as an intensifier for confusion.

Cultural Nuances

The adjective "confounded" is often used in British and old-fashioned American English to express frustration in a mild yet emphatic way. It appears frequently in literature and historical writings.

More Information

Confounded serves as both an intensifier and a descriptor of mental confusion. Its dual role makes it versatile in literature, philosophy, and everyday speech.