harden

Part of Speech

Verb

Pronunciation

/ˈhɑːrdən/

Definitions

• To become harder, firmer, or more solid in texture or structure.
• To make something harder, stronger, or more resilient.
• To toughen emotionally, especially to become less sensitive or compassionate.
• To increase in severity, intensity, or harshness.

Usage Examples

• The clay began to harden after being exposed to the sun.
• The metal was hardened by heating it to a high temperature.
• Over time, the events of her life hardened her heart.
• The company's policies have hardened their stance on customer complaints.

Etymology

The word "harden" originates from Middle English "harden" or "harnen," derived from Old French "harnir" meaning "to arm or equip," based on the Latin "armare," which means "to arm." The meaning evolved over time to include "to make firm" or "to toughen."

Synonyms

• Fortify
• Strengthen
• Toughen
• Solidify
• Intensify

Antonyms

• Soften
• Weaken
• Loose
• Relax
• Alleviate

Translations

Regional Pronunciation Variations

• In American English, "harden" is pronounced with a clear "r" sound.
• In British English, some accents may drop the "r" sound, making it sound more like "hah-den."

Historical Usage

The verb "harden" has been used in English since the 14th century, initially to describe the process of making something physically hard or strong. Over time, it extended metaphorically to describe the emotional process of becoming less sensitive or more resistant to external influences.

Cultural Nuances

The term "harden" is often used in both literal and figurative contexts. In some cultures, "harden" can describe emotional resilience, while in others, it might signify a negative transformation toward cruelty or rigidity. In military contexts, "hardening" can refer to making structures resistant to damage or attack, such as "hardened bunkers."

More Information

The word "harden" has various applications in different fields, including material science, psychology, and military contexts. In modern usage, it can refer not only to physical hardening but also to emotional or mental fortitude. The development of "hardened" attitudes is frequently seen in people who have undergone difficult experiences, leading to less empathy or more toughness in character.